Reconstruction Of The United States - 1814 Words

The United States of America has gone through constant hardships and difficulties since joining together as one nation involving war and changes in the political system. A lot of highly respected leaders in America have come donating their own ideals and foundation to administer a better life with more opportunities for Americans, but no other political change, or battle is more scandalous than Reconstruction. The start of reconstruction began in the mid-late 1860s and finished in 1877, but even today is still labeled one of the most debated issues in American history on whether post war reconstruction was a success or failure as well as a contest over the memory, meaning, and ending of the war. Reconstruction focused on three issues†¦show more content†¦Blight protests that Reconstruction was a battle between two notable, but incompatible goals that â€Å"vied† for both reconciliation, to bring the union back together and emancipation of slaves. On the contrary Hah n contests that â€Å"freedmens† and confederate whites were more than willing and prepared to fight for what they thought was truth, â€Å"reflecting a long tradition of southern violence that had previously undergirded slavery†. Hahn also concluded that reconstruction finished when the North got tired of fighting the South over the decade and some freedom conflict (Major Problems). Although, many people are skeptical over that proposition, Hahn’s arguments brings forth a more tolerable argument oppose to that of Blight’s. The inevitable defeat of Reconstruction was when the North pulled military soldiers from the South permitting confederate whites to rule again; consequently, the failure of reconstruction as the south reverted back to their actions of oppressing â€Å"freedmen’s† civil, political, and economical position. The beginning of Reconstruction in 1865 challenged the divided nation to reestablish unity and peace in the heated country (Reconstruction Moderate). What made it difficult to bring peace back to the nation was the fact that 620,000 people died which made it

The Pitfall of Help Writing an Essay

The Pitfall of Help Writing an Essay All you have to do is to set your order online or call us. Make your very first order at this time and find the help you need whenever possible. After you have placed your purchase, you can settle back and relax. You may also track your purchase. You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in a lot of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Since an academic paper isn't one which you're writing for leisure, it's important that you use our professional essay proofreading service. Our 1-hour essay writing service may be an ideal solution for you. For students whose first language isn't English, writing a whole college essay in English can be an overwhelming endeavor. The prices of our very best essay writing service aren't the highest and not the lowest on the marketplace. If you're a global student worrying about your writing skills, there are several helpful resources which are available to you. Ultimately, you have to make sure you are really performing a great essay to have a good mark from your mentor. There are several helpful strategies about how to increase essay writing skills which may be discovered on the web. In case you're indecisive to pay a person to compose your essay, explore other facets of our websites or contact our support team for any extra guidelines. You've made a good alternative. The only thing you ought to do is find our official website and fill in an application form there. The actual men and women highly praise our site. Help Writing an Essay: No Longer a Mystery If your essay is describing a process, including how to make a huge chocolate cake, make sure your paragraphs fall in the proper purchase. For instan ce, you may require a bibliography to be included in the paper or some simple research that you've already done. The subject of your paper blends into the idea of the paper which will help bring out the kind of the paper. In the cost calculator, select the sort of service you wish to order, the academic amount of the paper, and whether you will need an urgent essay or not. If you're given the subject, you ought to think about the kind of paper that you wish to produce. When you are aware that there is minimal time to handle your paper, our on-line essay help will be exactly what you want. College admissions essay help differs from the rest of the paper types as there's so much at stake! Help Writing an Essay Help! Obviously, the very best method is to order an essay online. Luckily, there are a lot of honest essay writing resources to help you compose a fantastic essay. If you need assistance writing an essay on a book, you have arrived at the perfect place. You can rely on the very best essay help online. While an essay is a sizable project, there are a number of steps a student can take which will help break down the task into manageable components. After you have determined the purpose, you'll need to do a little research on topics which you find intriguing. Thus, a growing number of students think about essay writers for hire, perhaps among the easiest methods to create a first-grade paper free of effort. If you get essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. 1 such work is abstract, which you may write by your own, and you may purchase essay for a reasonable price. If you haven't been assigned a topic, you have a bit more work to do. Ok, I Think I Understand Help Writing an Essay, Now Tell Me About Help Writing an Essay! Essays are generally not very long, therefore it's no real surprise that teachers would assign a good deal of them to write. Money back guarantee We can provide you a complete refund of your money if you're not completely pleased with the work of your writers. As a consequence from using our services, you will get a custom-written paper it is possible to use for your own purposes. In case you're dissatisfied with the content, feel free to request a revision. Our writing services are the greatest solution. Not all sites give such a function.

Romeo and Juliet Essay free essay sample

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet depicts the story of two star-crossed lovers from feuding families who, after a series of fateful events, choose to take their own lives rather than live without each other. The tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet can be blamed on Friar Laurence, the family feud and the impulsive actions of Romeo and Juliet. Friar Laurence makes several irresponsible decisions throughout the play such as his unwise plan to reunite the lovers. The family feud forces Romeo and Juliet to marry under secrecy and the decisions they make in order to hide their love lead to their tragic deaths. The rash decisions made by Romeo and Juliet also contribute to the ill-fated outcome of the story. The tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet can partly be blamed on Friar Laurence and the irresponsible choices and actions he makes. When Juliet is overcome with grief at Romeo’s banishment, Friar Laurence should act as a reliable and responsible adult, providing her with good advice. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead he gives Juliet the extreme option of faking death, telling her that ‘it is likely thou wilt undertake a thing like death to chide away this shame’ (A4 S1 L73-74). He considers her situation shameful and convinces her that to take the poison is a suitable option. This action leads on to the deaths of both Romeo and Juliet. Friar Laurence also makes the poor choice of leaving the letter for Romeo in the hands of his unreliable friend, even though he knows that ‘the letter was full of charge nd the neglecting it may do much danger’ (A5 S2 L18-20). Romeo, as a result of not receiving the letter, is led to believe that Juliet is dead, thus leaving him determined to take his own life too. The Friar does not act responsibly and does not take enough care in ensuring the letter reaches Romeo. These ill-considered actions made by Friar Laurence can be attributed to, and blamed for the calamitous result of the play. The family feud forces Romeo and Juliet to m ake decisions that lead to their death and the tragic outcome of the play. Juliet exclaims that ‘’Tis but thy name that is my enemy. ’ (A2 S2 L38), meaning that it is only because the two lovers come from the feuding families that they cannot live happily together. If the two families were not in disgrace with each other, Romeo and Juliet would not take such extreme actions to be with each other, actions which ultimately attribute to their deaths. Not until after the tragic ending has occurred do the two families realise that Romeo and Juliet are ‘poor sacrifices of our [the Capulet’s and Montague’s] enmity’ (A5 S3 L304). Their constant bickering and hatred of each other is one of the factors that drive the lovers to their death. This is seen when Friar Laurence exclaims that such ‘a scourge is laid upon your [the families’] hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love’ (A5 S3 L292-293). The Friar is saying that heaven chooses to punish the families for their hatred by taking away their joys; Romeo and Juliet. The tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet can in part be blamed on the feud between the families and its consequences. Romeo and Juliet’s impulsive actions contribute to the unfortunate ending of the play. One of the first times Romeo’s impulsivity is evident is during the fight between Mercutio and Tybalt. He is quick to tell the pair to stop fighting, acting with ‘respective lenity’ (A3 S1 L112), however after Mercutio is killed he carelessly takes on a ‘fire-eyed fury’ (A3 S1 L113), taking no consideration of the Prince’s previous threat. As a result of this rash action Romeo is banished from Verona. Romeo’s impulsiveness is also seen when, despite Balthazar’s warning that his ‘looks mport some misadventure’ (A5 S1 L28), he abruptly decides that life is not worth living without Juliet and that he will take his own life to be with her. Juliet acts impulsively when she is discussing her grief over Romeo’s banishment with the Friar. She exclaims that she would eagerly ‘leap, rather than marry Paris, From off the ba ttlements of any tower’ (A4 S1 L78). This shows that she is not thinking carefully about the situation and as a result convinces herself that death would be better than marrying someone other than Romeo. All of these impulsive actions eventually lead to Romeo and Juliet’s tragic deaths, which could have been avoided if they had taken more time and thought more carefully about their choices. Friar Laurence can be blamed for the tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet because of the misleading advice he gives Juliet when she is desperate for a solution to her difficult situation and his irresponsible handling of the important letter which never reaches Romeo. The family feud forces Romeo and Juliet to make decisions which ultimately lead to their death, which is seen as heaven’s punishment for their parents’ hated and anger towards each other. Romeo and Juliet’s impulsive actions, including Romeo’s decision to fight Tybalt and Juliet’s eagerness to die if she cannot be with Romeo, unnecessarily lead to their separation and ultimately, their death. All of these elements of the play can be blamed for the tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet.

Management Theories free essay sample

This essay presents several management theories and ideas which can be seen in the Vascellaro article. They include Fayol’s four managerial functions, some ideas about levels of management, Mintzberg’s managerial roles, and challenges for management in the general and global environments, especially achieving a competitive advantage. The essay concludes by considering the implications of Ms Decker’s plan for Yahoo! ’s staff. Managerial functions, levels of management Ms Susan Decker, the president of Yahoo! , will soon unveil a new ‘operational blueprint. ’ A blueprint is a plan or model, so by definition this is part of the planning function. Because the change is a large one – it involves the whole organisation – it is not surprising that it involves the top levels of management. The plan involves centralising the accounting functions of the company’s web services. This relates to the organising function in Yahoo! : we would expect to see more central control of employees who carry out accounting tasks if Ms Decker’s plan goes ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Ms Decker must ‘sell the plan to employees’ we can regard her as carrying out the function of leading, because leaders have to present a vision or idea to their organisation. The organising function appears again with the mention of the ‘internal shake-up’: the reporting relationships in Yahoo! are being changed ‘to restore confidence’. Presumably Ms Decker believes that new staff rather than the present executives would do a better job of putting her new plan in place. As well, several senior staff (three vice-presidents and several other executives) are leaving, so this means Yahoo will need to allocate their work to other people. The controlling function is not mentioned directly, but at the end of the article we are told that ‘the investment community’ would like to be more confident that Yahoo! has ‘devise[d] new ways to strengthen its brand against Google and to compete for consumers’ increasingly fragmented attention online’. This would require working out exactly how to monitor Yahoo! ’s performance against these goals, but it is not clear from the article what these evaluation mechanisms would be. Mintzberg’s management roles Mintzberg would regard Ms Decker’s development of new web services as part of the entrepreneurial role, since it is a major new project for Yahoo. In addition, ‘selling the plan to staff’ relates to Mintzberg’s ‘spokesperson’ role, and the ‘organisational shake-up’ relates to the ‘resource allocator’ role, because staff have to be assigned to specific projects. If Ms Decker needs to deal with negative perceptions of the investment community, she would be carrying out the ‘disturbance handler’ role. Challenges for management in a global environment Yahoo! is a global company: it operates and competes in more than one country. However the article makes it clear that Yahoo! has had difficulty achieving a competitive advantage against its major competitor, Google. To use the definition given in Waddell et al. (2007: 21-22), Yahoo! is so far not able to ‘produce desired goods or services more efficiently and effectively’ than that particular competitor. Waddell et al. (p. 22) say that the four building blocks of competitive advantage are ‘superior efficiency; quality; speed, flexibility and innovation; and responsiveness to customers’. Yahoo! ’s latest strategy, devising new web services which would appeal to different regions worldwide, appears to be aimed at ‘responsiveness to customers’, and also ‘innovation’, since the regional focus would differentiate Yahoo! ’s web services from Google’s. The organisation’s environment Waddell et al. 2007: 58) say that resources in the organisational environment ‘include the raw materials and skilled people that an organisation requires to produce goods and services’. Several skilled executives have already left Yahoo! , and there are fears that more will leave, so Yahoo! is clearly having difficulty keeping its skilled human resources. Conclusions and implications The article gives good insights into Yahoo’ s situation in its broader environment, the management roles being carried out by its president, and the four management functions at a general level. It does not discuss how Yahoo! ’s employees feel about the changes. However because some are leaving, it is likely that at least some of the remaining employees may be concerned about whether they will also lose their jobs. Even if they stay, they may be worried about having to do the work of their former colleagues. Some may be concerned about the extra work and responsibility, and others may be worried about whether they have the necessary training. All this could give Google, Yahoo! s main competitor, an opportunity to recruit these unhappy staff or the staff who have already left the company. Yahoo! ’s CEO should discuss with the president of its human resource department how to manage this difficult situation.

Salon Management System Essay Example

Salon Management System Essay Example Salon Management System Paper Salon Management System Paper CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY According to Franklin (2013), Management Information System is an organization that requires managing themselves that provides information efficiently and effectively. Management Information System are computer systems that used for managing five primary components which are Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, and People including individuals, groups or organization. One of the examples of the Management Information System is Salon Management System. A beauty salon or beauty parlor is an establishment dealing with cosmetic treatments for men and women (Thompson, 2013). Salon Management includes stock control maintaining customers stock, product inventory and your staffs payroll. It is very difficult to manage a salon using the manual system that Salon now a days is using. Salon managers have been facing various problems with regards of manually managing a salon. Manually managing a salon may lead to possible loss of records and retrieving files. In using manual system, the payroll of the employee can be difficult to record. The monitoring of equipments use in manual system is not efficient. Too much papers works is also a problem in using the manual system. Edwin B. Samots salon is till using the manual Management System. Their manual transaction dont include receipt and they Just noted it in a notebook or record book. They also used manual inventory and manual payroll system. It demands too much paper works and may sometimes lead to loss of records. In using the manual Management System, there are disadvantage for the Salon. As said, Edwin B. Samots Salon doesnt include receipt in their transaction. They Just noted it in a notebook. Sometimes the records that are indicated in the notebook may not be accurate. The manual product inventory may not be efficient because not every time the manager dont check it egularly. The manual payroll is also difficult to handle because it is not accurate. The purpose of this study is to develop a Salon Management System for Edwin B. Samot Salon to avoid the inaccurate and inefficient manual system. Using the computerized Salon Management System will help perform task in an easy and organized way. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY General Objective: The general objective of the study is to develop Management System for Edwin B. . To design a Management System for Edwin B. Samot Salon-Dasmarinas Branch with the following features: Database for members Inventory and Product Information Sales Reporting Payroll for Employees Point of Sale 2. To create construct the system as designed. 3. To test and improve the developed system. 4. To evaluate the performance of the developed system. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study involves the development of Management S ystem for Edwin B. Samot Salon-Dasmarinas Branch which will be used by the Salon manager. The system will be use for daily transaction of the salon. It will also be use for the reports of sales, client records, equipments and products information and payroll for the employees. This system will help the salon to have an organized management system. Their records will be easy to retrieve and it will avoid the possible loss of records. Their transaction to their customer will be accurate. It will also help in monitoring their equipments used every day. This system will use Visual Basic 6. 0. And for the database, it will use Microsoft Access. However, the study is limited to the Edwin B. Samot Salon-Dasmarinas Branch only. The salon manager and the salon cashier will be the allowed operators. This system will not include the appointment schedule of the clients. It will not accept credit cards and it will not use barcodes for the products. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The Salon manager of Edwin B. Samot Salon-Dasmarinas Branch will benefit from this study. It will make his work easier. The Salon manager can manage the salon in a better way. The day to day activities in your salon will perform conveniently. It involves managing clients, which can issue receipt every transaction and automatically save records containing information about the history of the services that you have provided to a customer. It also involves the monitoring of products and equipments that the salon use every day. The payrolls of the employee of the salon CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY On the basis of the foregoing concepts, Theories and findings of related literature, studies presented and insights taken from them, a conceptual model is developed as shown below. INPUTS Knowledge Requirements A. Services Offered by the Salon B. Product Information C. Sales Reporting D. Payroll Computation/Formula Software Requirements A. Visual Basic 6. 0 B. MS Access C. Adobe Photoshop Hardware Requirements System Unit with the following minimum specifications: A. Dual core processor B. 26B RAM C. 5006B Hard Disk PROCESS OUTPUT OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Computer system refers to the hardware and software components that run a computer or computers. Point of sale (also called as POS or checkout) is where a retail transaction is completed. Hair Rebond/Relax refers to hair straightening done in the Salon. Cellophane refers to hair coloring. Keratin/Wella refers to the products use for hair treatment. CHAPTER Ill METHODOLOGY PROJECT DESIGN DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Management System for Edwin B. Samot Salon is a system that will manage the salon. It will concentrate with the transaction processing, payroll of the employee, and the inventory of the salon. Official receipt Customer details Payment reports ales data Service details Payment details Employee details generated payroll Figure 2. Context Diagram DFD for Salon Management System New official receipt service details customer details 4 generated sales client files files Generated payroll report Payroll details 3 Sales files Generated sales report employee details 2 employee Figure 3. DFD Level 1 for Salon Management System PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Modified Waterfall Model Modified model is that the phases in modified waterfall model life cycle are permitted to overlap. Because the phases overlap, a lot of flexibility has been introduced in the modified model of software engineering. At the same time, a number of tasks can function concurrently, which ensures that the defects in the software are removed in the development stage itself and the overhead cost of making changes to the software before implementation is saved. Figure 4. The Modified Waterfall Model We use this model in our system because it is flexible and easy to modify. At the same time making changes to the basic design is also possible, as there are a number of phases active at one point of time. In case there are any errors introduced because of the changes made, rectifying them is also easy because every phase of he model verification and validation step has been added. It can also reduce the number of paper works and we can have more time to do the system. The following procedures are needed to be performed in order to operate or use the system. 1 . Acquire and set up all hardware and software needed. 2. Turn on the computer. 3. Install the system. 4. Click on the shortcut icon for Salon Management System. This shall load the entire system, and pull up the log in screen. 5. Input the username and password. 6. Once logged in successfully, there are options that will appear. Click the Point of Sale button for the transaction of the customer. This includes the clients information and the services they avail in the Salon. It will include printing of receipt and sales reports. 7. Simultaneously, click on the Product/Equipments button to view the inventory of the products and equipments use by the Salon. You may add, edit and delete products and equipments. . Click on the Payroll button for the payroll of the employee. This include the employees personal information and how their salary is computed. You may add and update the employees information. This also include printing of pay slip of the employee and the payroll reports. TESTING PROCEDURE After acquiring all hardware and software needed, the following procedure needs to be performed in order to test the system. 1. Perform program test to make sure that all programs are working. 2. Execute debugging in case of errors or failure to run. . Perform system run after all programs or modules are working. This study will use the CvSlJ formulated evaluation instrument for instructional materials in evaluating the developed system. The method of evaluation to be used is survey. The respondents of the survey will include 30 customers of the Salon, 10 employees of the Salon, and 2 managers of the Salon. The system will be evaluated based on the following criteria: Functionality, Content, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Saleability. Each criterion will be evaluated in a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest. Statistics is one way of getting the information organized. To have a general view of the acceptability of the study, statistical tool is used. This also includes the scaling system, which is used as a technique to monitor the respondents analysis of the system. Table 1. GANNTT CHART MAJOR ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE MONTH 1. Analysis 2. Requirement Gathering 4. Development 5. Testing

The Weather Hazards Associated With Hurricanes

The Weather Hazards Associated With Hurricanes Every year, from June 1 to November 30, the threat of a hurricane strike looms in the minds of vacationers  and residents of  U.S.  coastlines. And its no wonder why. Because of its ability to travel across ocean  and land, a hurricane is almost impossible to outrun. In addition to having an evacuation plan in place, your best line of defense against hurricanes  is to know and recognize its  main hazards, of which there are four: high winds, storm surge, inland flooding, and tornadoes. High Winds As pressure drops inside of a hurricane, air from the surrounding atmosphere rushes into the storm, generating one of its trademark characteristics: winds. A hurricanes winds are among the first conditions to be felt during its approach. Tropical storm-force winds can extend as far as 300 miles (483 km) and hurricane-force winds can extend 25-150 miles (40-241 km) from the storm center. Sustained winds pack enough force to cause structural damage and carry loose debris. Remember that hidden within maximum sustained winds are isolated gusts that actually blow much faster than this. Storm Surge In addition to being a threat in and of itself, wind also contributes to another danger: storm surge. While a hurricane is out to sea, its winds blow across the ocean surface, gradually pushing water out ahead of it. A hurricane’s low pressure assists in this. By the time the storm nears the coast, water has â€Å"piled up† into a dome several hundred miles wide and 15 to 40 feet (4.5-12 m) high. This ocean swell then travels onshore, inundating the coast and eroding beaches. It is the primary cause of loss of life within a hurricane. If a hurricane approaches during high tide, an already risen sea level will lend additional height to a storm surge. The resulting event is referred to as a storm tide. Rip currents are another wind-induced marine hazard to watch for. As winds push water outward toward the shore, water is forced against and along the shoreline, creating a fast current. If there are channels or sandbars leading back out to sea, the current flows violently through these, whisking along anything in its path - including beachgoers and swimmers. Rip currents can be recognized by the following signs: A channel of churning, choppy waterAn area with a noticeable difference in color when compared to the surrounding oceanA line of foam or debris moving out to seaA break in the incoming wave pattern Inland Flooding While storm surge is the main cause of coastal inundation, excessive rains are responsible for the flooding of inland areas. A hurricanes rainbands can dump up to several inches of rain per hour, especially if a storm is moving slowly. This water overwhelms rivers and low-lying areas. When rainbands release water for several consecutive hours or days, this leads to flash and urban flooding.   Because tropical cyclones of all intensities (not just hurricanes) can produce excessive rains, freshwater flooding is considered the most wide-reaching of all tropical cyclone-related dangers. Tornadoes Embedded in a hurricanes rainbands are thunderstorms, some of which are strong enough to spawn tornadoes. Tornadoes produced by hurricanes are typically weaker (usually EF-0s and EF-1s) and shorter-lived than those occurring across the central and midwestern U.S. As a precaution, a tornado watch is usually issued when a tropical cyclone is forecast to make landfall. Beware the Right Front Quadrant A number of factors, including storm strength and track, influence damage levels caused by each of the above. But you may be surprised to learn that something as seemingly insignificant as which one of a hurricanes sides first makes landfall can also greatly increase (or lower) the risk of related hazards, especially storm surge and tornadoes. A direct hit from the right-front quadrant of a hurricane (left-front in the Southern Hemisphere) is considered the most severe. Thats because its here where the storms winds blow in the same direction as the atmospheric steering wind, causing a net gain in wind speed. For example, if a hurricane has sustained winds of 90 mph (category 1 strength) and is moving at 25 mph, its right front region would effectively have winds up to category 3 strength (90 25 mph 115 mph). Conversely, because winds on the left side oppose steering winds, a reduction in speed is felt there. Using the previous example, a 90 mph storm with 25 mph steering winds becomes a 65 mph effective wind. Since hurricanes continually spiral counter-clockwise (clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) as they travel, it can be difficult to distinguish one side of the storm from another. Heres a tip: pretend youre standing directly behind the storm with your back in the direction its traveling. Its right side will be the same as your right. So if a storm is traveling due west, the right front quadrant would actually be its northern region.

Project Management Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Project Management Review - Essay Example It also functions as a tool in evaluating the presented change requests of the project. Further, the Change Control Management also serves the function of managing and implementing the changes approved by the management. 2. Risk Profile, its benefits to risk management A risk profile is a sequence of questions addressing the normal areas of the project where uncertainty prevails. Going through the list of probable risks and by making use of the experience from the past, the management can reduce the risk and increase the success rates. It eases the risk management since adopting previous approaches that were successful is less risky than formulating new management strategies. 3. Functional conflict, why encouraged Functional conflict means the disagreements of interests, ides or main concerns between the groups, individuals, or organizations. Or the deviations of decisions in the non-fulfillment of the requirements of a job course, or process. Functional conflicts arise when the mini mum to reasonable levels of conflicts develop the effectiveness of the team. Such conflict is considered to be constructive as it develops the quality of assessments, motivates creativeness and novelty, and cheers up the inquisitiveness and interest among the team members. It can be used as a tool to create an environment which airs the problems and releases the tension, and also promotes a stage for self-evaluation and modification. The functional conflicts usually arise if: the formal objectives are overlapped, the role-descriptions are overlapped, the contractual bond is ambiguous, the assigned tasks are simultaneous, and if there exists any hidden intentions. Functional conflict can become an advantage to the firm. The project manager can encourage functional conflicts and can use them as antidotes for group thinking. The functional conflict questions the status quo of the project and so there arises the need for creating new idea, promoting assessment of team goals and tasks, i ncreasing the profitability to which the team would respond to alter. Project managers and team leaders should carefully build conflicts into decision-making process. So they can surface and solve the important problems and also reconsider the decisions. 4. Four major steps in facilitating the group decision-making process The project manager plays the central role in leading the teams’ decision making process. The project manager is not asked to make decision himself, but to create an atmosphere for the entire team to discuss and to reach a final possible solution in consensus ad idem. This does not bring a conclusion that each one of the group holds the solution hundred percent; instead it means that the entire group is agreeing up on the best decision under a situation. As Gray, Larson & Desai (2010, p. 360) note, there are four major steps that facilitate the group decision making process. I. Problem identification: - When meeting with issues, the project manager should b e careful not to define the problems in terms of choices (e.g., whether to concentrate on X or Y?). Instead, he should detect the original issues to which these alternatives are probable remedies. This process will enable the team members to formulate alternatives rather than just selecting among them. The important point of problem identification is to focus on the gap between the present state of the project and the desired sate of the project. II. Generating alternatives: - When there is a general understanding of